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本帖最后由 lzh47 于 2011-10-29 09:46 编辑
根据个人的数年经验和经历，总结归纳了一些关于新西兰货币的历史，即 dollar 时期的知识，由于资料太太太太多太太太太杂，时间有限，只讲纸币，不讲硬币，只讲纸币正面，不讲纸币反面。经验有限，不足之处肯定存在，请批评指教！本帖中所使用的人物头像图片和人物简介资料来自互联网资源，版权归 Reserve Bank of New Zealand 所有。其他都是本人收集整理的。
言归正传！
1934年新西兰建立了储备银行，行使中央银行职责，开始发行统一的钞票。钞票面额为1镑、5镑和50镑，实行20进位制。1961年新西兰加入国际货币基金组织，1967年7月10日发行十进位（Decimal）的新货币新西兰元，即dollar。
历史上，新西兰一共发行过 R. N. Fleming，D. L. Wilks，R. L. Knight，H. R. Hardie，S. T. Russell，D. T. Brash和现在的 A. E. Bollard 等人签名的新西兰元。这些人名均为货币上的时任储备银行行长（Chief Cashier / Governor）的签名，以下会做稍详细讲解。
世界上第一张塑料钞票是澳大利亚联邦储备银行为纪念“欧洲人移居澳洲200周年”于1988年1月26日发行的面值10澳元的流通纪念钞票。
1999年之前，新西兰一直使用的是棉质的纸币，第一和第二套货币为 shilling 和 pound，1967年 Fleming 任职期间，新西兰发行了第三套货币，设计图案为左侧脸的年轻英女王伊丽莎白二世，且 Fleming 成为第一个在 dollar 纸币上签名的Chief Cashier。第三套新西兰元从1967年一直流通到1981年。1981年 Hardie 任职期间，新西兰发行了第四套货币，设计图案为正面的中年英女王伊丽莎白二世，而 Hardie 的签名贯穿了两套货币，因此，收藏家们划分为 Hardie type1 和 Hardie type2。在1983年，储备银行第一次发行了面额为50新西兰元的货币。第四套新西兰元从1981年一直流通到1991年。1991年 Brash 任职期间，新西兰发行了第五套货币，设计图案大大改变，以硬币取代了1元和2元的纸币，5元纸币人物为Sir Edmund Hillary（首次登上珠穆朗玛峰的人之一），10元纸币人物为Kate Sheppard（新西兰妇女运动的先锋人物，对新西兰第一个在世界上实现妇女拥有投票权贡献巨大），20元纸币人物为英女王伊丽莎白二世，50元纸币人物为Sir Apirana Ngata(1874-1950)（著名的毛利运动领袖，曾任新西兰毛利事务部长。在上世纪20年代掀起复兴毛利文化的运动，他毕生为毛利人权益奔走并取得极大成效。），100元纸币人物为 Ernest, Lord Rutherford of Nelson(1871-1937)（一位著名物理学家。生于新西兰，长期在英国工作。在原子结构和放射性研究方面做出了重要的贡献。）而 Brash 的签名也贯穿了两套货币，因此，收藏家们划分为 Brash type1 和 Brash type2。新西兰于1999年5月3日正式发行流通塑料货币，即 Brash 任职期间，出于安全性考量，设计图案稍稍做了改进，收藏家们将其定义为 Brash type3。现在市面上流通的新西兰币绝绝绝绝大部分为 Alan Bollard 签名的，也不排除极少极少量 Donald Brash签名的。
纪念币－－新西兰储备银行于1990年和2000年分别发行了一款纪念币，面额都是10元，均为 D. T. Brash 签名。1990年的纪念币为纪念《怀唐伊条约》签订150周年，也被认为新西兰建国150周年纪念币。2000年的纪念币为迎接新世纪而发行。值得一提的是，这2款纪念币都发行了特别序列号前缀。举例，1990年纪念币的特别序列号前缀为 RXX，CWB，FTC，MBL，TNZ和RNZ等6种，普通序列号前缀为 AAA，BBB，CCC和DDD等。2000年世纪纪念币的特别序列号前缀为红色NZ和红色序列号，以及一个新西兰储备银行的图章，普通版序列号前缀为AA，AB，BC，AD等等等等，黑色序列号且无新西兰储备银行图章。这些所谓的特别版本，就是发行量少，升值空间稍大而已，整体货币设计并无区别。
例图
替换币－－这是我能想到的最贴切的中文翻译了，NZ收藏家们称之为 star (*) notes 或者 replacement notes。顾名思义，当一张纸币在印刷过程中出現损坏或者错误的时候，替换币就发挥作用了。举例说明，造币厂需要生产100张10元面额的，序列号从00开始到99结尾。而在检验员做最后检查的时候，發現第05号，第24号，第81号在印刷过程中出現损坏或者错误，他们不会专门再费时费力的去印制一张05号，24号和81号，而是使用序列号为星号（*）结尾的替换币来代替这3张损坏的，这样一来，100张10元面额的就可以以最快的时间，最好的品质，完成，装带，出厂，流通了。据了解，在 Brash type2 之前，总共的替换币数量为总流通货币量的11%左右，从而，品相好且量少的星号替换币市场价值颇高，收藏家们非常乐意收为己有。从 Brash type2 开始，储备银行停止使用星号替换币，改为使用序列号为ZZ前缀的替换币。这里再讲一个小常识。新西兰这样一个小小的国家，货币的流通量也不会大到哪里去，所以，所有的货币序列号从AA，AB，AC...BA，BB，BC，BD...以此类推，新西兰永远都不会需要印到ZZ前缀那么大的需求量，所以ZZ前缀货币就被采用为替换币。
另一个小常识。从1999年开始使用的塑料货币，序列号的前2位数字则代表该货币印刷的年份。举例说明，BF99738941是1999年印刷的，BH05163215则是2005年印刷的。以此类推，举一反三。
以上讲的某些知识，可以在下面找到相对应的图片。
～～～～～～～～朴实的分割线～～～～～～～～
下面开始介绍一下 dollar 时期的各位人物和货币样图：
R. N. Fleming (Chief Cashier 1956-1967)
Neal Fleming began his banking career with the Bank of New Zealand. However in 1934 when the Reserve Bank was becoming established, he was recruited to become one of the original staff members.
In 1956, Mr Fleming became the third Chief Cashier of the Reserve Bank and remained in this position for eleven years. In the mid 1960s, he was a member of the Decimal Currency Board and was directly responsible for the replacement of the old currency with the decimal currency. His signature appears on the first dollar note issue.
From 1967 until his retirement in 1972, Mr Fleming served as adviser to the Bank. He passed away on 22 August 1975, at sixty-four years of age.
Sample 图片
************************************
D. L. Wilks (Chief Cashier 1967-1973)
Dick Wilks was born in Taumarunui and educated in New Plymouth. He began his career with the Reserve Bank in 1950 after graduating from Auckland University in 1949.
During his career, Mr Wilks served as Deputy Secretary for three years and Deputy Chief Cashier for two years before being appointed Chief Cashier in 1967. He held this position for six years before becoming Executive Adviser to the Bank in 1973. In 1977, Mr Wilks was appointed Deputy Governor, and in February 1982 was appointed Governor of the Reserve Bank. Mr Wilks passed away on 18 December 1985.
Sample 图片
************************************
R. L. Knight (Chief Cashier 1973-1977)
Lindsay Knight was born and educated in Wellington and began his career with the Reserve Bank in 1948. In 1965, Mr Knight was appointed Deputy Chief Economist and in 1967, became Deputy Chief Cashier.
From 1970-1973, he represented Australia, New Zealand and South Africa as Executive Director at the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) in Washington, DC. On his return to New Zealand in 1973, Mr Knight was appointed Chief Cashier, a position he held for four years before becoming Assistant Governor in 1977. From 1979-1981, Mr Knight served as Deputy Governor of the Bank of Papua New Guinea under the International Monetary Fund's technical assistance programme.
In 1981, he returned to New Zealand to his position as Assistant Governor of the Reserve Bank. Lindsay Knight was later appointed Deputy Governor before retiring from the Reserve Bank of New Zealand in late 1990. Mr Knight passed away on 6 March 2002.
Sample 图片
************************************
H. R. Hardie (Chief Cashier 1977-1984)
Ray Hardie was born in Temuka and educated in Waimate. Mr Hardie spent four years in the Post and Telegraph Department in Wellington before joining the Reserve Bank in 1949.
In 1977, Mr Hardie was appointed the Chief Cashier of the Reserve Bank. In the six years that he held the position, Mr Hardie was involved with the transfer of note printing from the British printer, De La Rue, to Bradbury Wilkinson and Company (NZ) Limited in Whangarei.
Mr Hardie was the last Chief Cashier whose signature appeared on the Reserve Bank of New Zealand notes before restructuring at the Reserve Bank disestablished the Chief Cashier's position. It was then decided that the Governor of the Bank would sign future note issues.
Mr Hardie retired in 1984 and continued to live in Wellington until he passed away on Friday, 2nd June 2000.
Sample 图片
Hardie Type 1
Hardie Type 2
************************************
S. T. Russell (Governor 1984-1988)
Sir Spencer Thomas Russell was appointed Governor of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand from 18 May 1984.
He previously held the position of Director and Chief Executive of the National Bank of New Zealand Limited, having spent his commercial banking career with that Bank.
Mr Russell was a past President of the Wellington Chamber of Commerce and a former member of the New Zealand Chambers of Commerce Executive Council. He also served for ten years on the National Executive of the Returned Services Association. He was President of the Bankers' Institute of New Zealand, Chairman of the Wellington Area Health Advisory Committee and a member of the Wellington Diocesan Board of Trustees. He was also a Trustee of the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research (Inc.).
Sir Spencer Russell retired in 1988 and passed away in July 1995.
Sample 图片
************************************
D. T. Brash (Governor 1988-2002)
Dr. Donald Brash was born in Wanganui and educated in Christchurch completing a Bachelor of Arts Degree from Canterbury University with a double major in economics and history.
While working for the Reserve Bank of New Zealand in 1962, Dr. Brash obtained his Master of Arts degree with first class honours, majoring in economics. His thesis was on New Zealand's external debt servicing capacity.
Subsequently, Dr. Brash obtained a PhD in economics from the Australian National University.
Dr. Brash had previously served with the Reserve Bank of New Zealand (1961-62); the World Bank (1966-71), Broadbank/Fletcher Challenge (1971-82), the New Zealand Kiwifruit Authority (1982-1986), and was Managing Director of the Trust Bank group (1986-88) before being appointed as Governor of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand in 1988.
Dr. Brash resigned from his position as Governor on 26th April 2002 to stand as a list candidate for Member of Parliament in the General Election held on 27th July 2002.
Sample 图片
Brash type1
Brash type2
Brash type3
************************************
A. E. Bollard (Governor 2002-present)
Dr. Alan Bollard was appointed as Governor of the Reserve Bank of New Zealand in September 2002.
Dr. Bollard's previous positions include Secretary to the Treasury (1998- 2002); Chairman of the New Zealand Commerce Commission (1994-98); Director of the New Zealand Institute of Economic Research (1987-94).
Dr. Bollard has also worked as an economist in a variety of positions in the United Kingdom and in the South Pacific.
Dr. Bollard has written a number of books on the New Zealand economy, has produced a computer simulation game called Oikonomos where one plays at being the Minister of Finance, and has helped rebuild the famous Phillips hydraulic economic simulation model "the Moniac".
Sample 图片
差不多就这些了，暂时想到并整理了这些。有啥问题的，随便问，尽力答。 |
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发表于 2011-1-10 11:15:22
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