“软糖实验”

annie0002

        该实验通过观察四岁儿童对果汁软糖的反应预见他们的未来。实验方法是，研究人员将孩子们带到一间陈设简单的房间，告诉每个孩子说，你可以马上得到一颗果汁软糖。但是如果你能坚持不拿它直到等我外出办事回来，你就可以得到两颗糖。说罢便离去了。当他回来后便兑现承诺。然后，科学研究就这一些参加实验的孩子成长的过程进行。

　　在这些孩子长到上中学时，就会表现出某些明显的差异。对这些孩子的父母及教题的一次调查表明，那些在四岁时能以坚持换得第二颗软糖的孩子通常成为适应性较强，冒险精神较强，比较受人喜欢，比较自信，比较独立的少年；而那些在早年经不起软糖诱惑的孩子则更可能成为孤僻、易受挫、固执的少年，他们往往屈从于压力并逃避挑战。对这些孩子分两组进行学术能力倾向测试的结果表明，那些在软糖实验中坚持时间较长的孩子的平均得分高达210分。

Philip_J._Fry

谢谢版主分享。这个很有意思啊。
我记得有个kiwisaver的广告，用的就是这个实验吧。

Philip_J._Fry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_marshmallow_experiment

Wiki 上面有一段对这个实验有效性的批评：

A 2012 study at the University of Rochester altered the experiment by dividing children into two groups: one group was given a broken promise before the marshmallow test was conducted (the unreliable tester group), and the second group had a fulfilled promise before their marshmallow test (the reliable tester group). The reliable tester group waited up to four times longer (12 min) than the unreliable tester group for the second marshmallow to appear.[6][12] The authors argue that this calls into question the original interpretation of self-control as the critical factor in children's performance, since self control should predict an inability to wait, not strategic waiting when it makes sense. The authors suggest that the correlations between marshmallow performance and later life success may therefore be confounded, with successful children being raised in reliable situations. Prior to the Marshmallow Studies at Stanford, Walter Mischel had shown that the child's belief that the promised delayed rewards would actually be delivered is an important determinant of the choice to delay, but his later experiments did not take this factor into account or control for individual variation in beliefs about reliability when reporting correlations with life successes.

这个连接是指向2012年的这个实验的：http://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id=4622
这边总结的话是：“being able to delay gratification is influenced as much by the environment as by innate ability. ”


简单说就是如果孩子在实验以前 有上当的经历的话，那么就比较容易选择不要等太久（因为害怕又是空欢喜一场吧）；而没有这样经历的孩子，就比较倾向于选择等久一点。

换句话说，孩子等不等，除了与自身的自制力有关以外，和外界环境的因素也有很大关系。

下面这段话是关于2012年新实验的评论：

The findings provide an important reminder about the complexity of human behavior, adds coauthor Richard Aslin, the William R. Kenan Professor of brain and cognitive sciences at the University. "This study is an example of both nature and nurture playing a role," he says. "We know that to some extent, temperament is clearly inherited, because infants differ in their behaviors from birth. But this experiment provides robust evidence that young children's action are also based on rational decisions about their environment."

这对于家长来说，是个好消息！因为孩子与生俱来内在的因素我们肯能不能去改变多少。但是我们可以尽量的让后天因素朝着对孩子有利的方向去发展。也就是要教育孩子耐心的重要性。

如果想进一步了解新的这个实验，可以看一下这里：http://www.bcs.rochester.edu/peo ... n2012_Cognition.pdf

AUGUSTUS

有誰能確定上面這件馬甲是誰？