【好书推荐】《人生的枷锁》

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这让我想到了伍尔夫那句：“倘若一个女人决意要写小说，她必须要有钱，而且还要有一间属于她自己的房间。”

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同理，倘若书中一心想当画家，最后因贫穷而上吊自杀的范妮明白这个道理，我想，她一定能免于厄运。

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法语老师迪克罗、画师富瓦内、诗人克朗肖他们都属于一类人，他们都曾年风华正茂，怀揣梦想，但也都免不了桑榆暮景，影响难追。

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主人公菲利普之所以能够摆脱痛苦、彷徨、失望、挫折，源于他的博览群书，和敏锐的自省分析能力。

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主人公菲利普之所以能够摆脱痛苦、彷徨、失望、挫折，源于他的博览群书，和敏锐的自省分析能力。

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莎莉这个人物代表真善美，同时也是理智与现实的化身。菲利普最后决定和莎莉结婚，寓示他摆脱了全部枷锁，最终得到了幸福。

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此书寓意深奥，篇幅冗长，读时需要一点耐心。

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读完有一个有趣的发现，毛姆之后创作的《月亮与六便士》就是取材于这本书的某一章的某一个人。

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具体是谁？不能说，要你自己去找。

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就像菲利普问克朗肖：“人生的意义究竟是什么？”

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“答案只能由你自己去找，否则便毫无价值。”

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读完整部《人性的枷锁》后，我的内心真的是感慨万千。因为事实上，与菲利普一样，我也在理想与现实的夹缝中东闯西奔，试图突破人性的枷锁，获得相对的自由。那么，在小说中，菲利普究竟面对着哪几重枷锁呢？

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第一重，身体缺陷的枷锁，菲利普从出生就有的跛足。因为跛足，菲利普在特坎伯雷的皇家公学被同学所欺辱，为此，他曾在假期里日夜向上帝祈祷，希望自己可以拥有像别人一样正常的腿脚，但他的希望落空了。也正是因为跛足，菲利普被最爱的米尔德里德所看轻，所以，当在股票市场小赚一笔之后，他就不顾风险，做了一个足部手术，以便让自己的脚行动更加自如些。

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第二重，宗教的枷锁，以布莱克斯塔布尔的凯利伯父和特坎伯雷皇家公学的珀金斯校长为代表。凯利伯父是牧师，他在菲利普的父母双亡后，不得已开始养育菲利普。很自然地，凯利伯父用自己所信仰的宗教去影响菲利普，在菲利普所就读学校的选择上、在菲利普未来职业选择上，按照自己走过的模式进行安排，上教会学校，在毕业后成为像他一样的牧师。而皇家公学的珀金斯校长，虽然出生于商贩家庭，但同样是一名无比虔诚的宗教信徒，他非常欣赏菲利普的聪明才智，有志于让菲利普沿着自己走过的道路一路走去。而菲利普虽然身处宗教信仰的浓厚环境之中，但对生活有着自己独有的感悟，他越来越对宗教信仰失去兴趣。在与凯利伯父和珀金斯校长作了大量的争取后，最终得以脱离终生成为宗教信徒、做一名圣职人员的人生之路。

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第三重，性欲的枷锁，以菲利普对威尔金森小姐和诺拉的感情为代表。菲利普一点儿也不爱威尔金森小姐，但在威尔金森小姐的挑逗之下，他深陷性欲中而无法自拔。虽然最终他满足了自己的情欲，但他一点儿也不为之欣喜，反而因自己的行为而深陷痛苦之中。而对诺拉，虽然她像一位妻子、姐姐和母亲一样的照顾着他，但菲利普同样不爱诺拉。所以，当菲利普深爱的米尔德里德一旦出现，尽管理智告诉他，不应该伤害这个深爱着自己的善良女人，但他的理智无法战胜自己的情感，从而让诺拉伤透了心。

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第四重，爱情的枷锁，以菲利普对米尔德里德和萨莉的感情为代表。面对米尔德里德，菲利普真的低到了尘埃里。尽管菲利普非常明白，米尔德里德丝毫不爱自己，她与自己的所有接触都是在利用自己，但菲利普却无法克制的爱上了米尔德里德，以至于无论米尔德里德如何对待他，他都能够原谅她，并且爱恋她。这种爱恋，与他对威尔金森小姐的完全不同，那种仅仅是性欲层次的，而这种则完全是精神层次的。即使菲利普从来没有在肉体上占有过米尔德里德，但他还是尽自己所能的照顾米尔德里德和她的私生子女儿。而对待萨莉，则是菲利普第一次灵与肉相统一的爱恋，而与此对应的，萨莉也是灵与肉相统一的爱恋着菲利普，所以，最终，虽然菲利普得出了“生活本身是无意义的”这样的结论，但是仍然决心与萨莉开始幸福而美好的家庭生活。

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第五重， 物质的枷锁，以范宁·普里斯的经历最为典型。普里斯是菲利普在法国巴黎学习油画期间的同学，她尽管没有画画天赋，但对绘画有着极高的艺术鉴赏力，并对绘画充满着无限的热情。但即便对艺术有着再多的热情，没有物质的有力支撑，也是没有办法存活的。最终，因为贫困交加，普里斯在租住的小屋内上吊自杀。菲利普被普里斯这种悲惨的死亡方式所震惊，对照身边那些有才华但生活多是没着没落的同学与老师，他不得不深入思考，自己“是否能仅仅通过热爱的绘画而生活下去？”这样的问题。

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第六重，金钱的枷锁，菲利普一直在面对的问题。在16岁可以自由支配父母的遗产前，菲利普虽然已经对宗教丧失了兴趣，但是因为经济的考虑，不得不屈从于生活。虽然在路易莎伯母的资助下，得以去巴黎学习画画，但是很少有画家可以在有生之年养活自己的现实不得不让他止步，最终他选择了去父亲的母校圣鲁克医学院学习医学，以便有稳定的经济收入。而在因为帮助米尔德里德而挥霍无度和投资南非股票而失败后，菲利普变得身无分文，不得不离开医学院，靠着在亚麻布公司开的商店做引导员而赚取的微薄收入生活。即使菲利普在经济比较宽裕的时期，如何合理花好手中有限的钱，一直都是他不得不面对的问题。而一旦面临建立家庭可能有的负担，即使为了艺术的理想，菲利普多年来计划的去西班牙旅行终于可以实现，他也不得不选择更为稳妥的有稳定收入的医生生活，而不敢按单身时所计划的方式生活。

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与《月亮和六便士》一样，《人性的枷锁》中包含了毛姆关于人生的很多哲学思考。虽然作者通过菲利普的生活经历，最终得出“生活是无意义的”这样看起来比较消极的人生感悟，但是，最后作者的落脚点却在爱情与家庭上。正是爱与责任，让菲利普无意义的生活变得有意义起来。而我自己的人性枷锁有又哪些呢，我又如何在重重的枷锁中得以突破，并得到自我救赎与不断成长呢？这恐怕是我需要去不断去追问的课题。

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读完小说一直在想一个问题，人生的枷锁是什么？毛姆又想说什么?

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小说最后一段写到，Philip拉着心爱姑娘Sally的手，走在大街上，他们俯瞰着广场下忙碌的人流川流不息，繁忙的车辆来来往往，阳光照耀着。或许，作者想利用这样的结尾来表达一个观点: Philip终究是个凡夫俗子，不能摆脱爱和婚姻的枷锁，他即将融入社会洪流中，成了芸芸众生中的一员......

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quotes:

" He smiled and took her hand and pressed it. They got up and walked out of the gallery. They stood for a moment at the balustrade andlooked at Trafalgar Squre. Cabs and ominbuses hurried to and fro, and crowds passed, hastening in every direction, and the sun was shining."  

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"Partly for pleasure, because it's a habit and I'm just as uncomfortable if I don't read as if I don't smoke, and partly to know myself. When I read a book I seem to read it with my eyes only, but now and then I come across a passage, perhaps only a phrase, which has a meaning for ME, and it becomes part of me; I've got out of the book all that's any use to me, and I can't get anything more if I read it a dozen times. You see, it seems to me, one's like a closed bud, and most of what one reads and does has no effect at all; but there are certain things that have a peculiar significance for one, and they open a petal; and the petals open one by one; and at last the flower is there."

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Life seemed an inextricable confusion. Men hurried hither and thither, urged by forces they knew not; and the purpose of it all escaped them; they seemed to hurry just for hurryings sake.

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“He knew that all things human are transitory and therefore that it must cease one day or another. He looked forward to that day with eager longing. Love was like a parasite in his heart, nourishing a hateful existence on his life's blood; it absorbed his existence so intensely that he could take pleasure in nothing else.”

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“I have nothing but contempt for the people who despise money. They are hypocrites or fools. Money is like a sixth sense without which you cannot make a complete use of the other five. Without an adequate income half the possibilities of life are shut off. The only thing to be careful about is that you do not pay more than a shilling for the shilling you earn. You will hear people say that poverty is the best spur to the artist. They have never felt the iron of it in their flesh. They do not know how mean it makes you. It exposes you to endless humiliation, it cuts your wings, it eats into your soul like a cancer.”

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“This love was a torment, and he resented bitterly the subjugation in which it held him; he was a prisoner and he longed for freedom.

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Sometimes he awoke in the morning and felt nothing; his soul leaped, for he thought he was free; he loved no longer; but in a little while, as he grew wide awake, the pain settled in his heart, and he knew that he was not cured yet.”

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“There was no meaning in life, and man by living served no end. It was immaterial whether he was born or not born, whether he lived or ceased to live. Life was insignificant and death without consequence. Philip exulted, as he had exulted in his boyhood when the weight of a belief in God was lifted from his shoulders: it seemed to him that the last burden of responsibility was taken from him; and for the first time he was utterly free. His insignificance was turned to power, and he felt himself suddenly equal with the cruel fate which had seemed to persecute him; for, if life was meaningless, the world was robbed of its cruelty. What he did or left undone did not matter. Failure was unimportant and success amounted to nothing. He was the most inconsiderate creature in that swarming mass of mankind which for a brief space occupied the surface of the earth; and he was almighty because he had wrenched from chaos the secret of its nothingness. Thoughts came tumbling over one another in Philip's eager fancy, and he took long breaths of joyous satisfaction. He felt inclined to leap and sing. He had not been so happy for months.

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'Oh, life,' he cried in his heart, 'Oh life, where is thy sting?”