标题: Augustus [打印本页] 作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:11:41 标题: Augustus
*Rise to Power
*Constitutional Settlements
*Family&Succession
*Religious and Moral Programmes作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:12:08
Rise to Power作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:17:11
本帖最后由 keamy 于 2012-11-19 19:17 编辑
The rule of the emperor Augustus saw one form of government coming to an end and another beginning, although there is no firm dividing line between the two, and he himself would not have acknowledged publicly any changes taking place.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:20:47
On the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators led by Brutus and Cassius.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:21:10
Brutus was a descendant of one of the first consuls of Rome, and as such, he was a staunch Republican.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:21:33
He and his supporters believed that Caesar wished to be made a king and they felt that this could not be tolerated.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:21:55
Therefore, in the name of the Republic and of liberty, they stabbed Caesar to death on the steps of the senate-house.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:22:46
Gaius Octavius, later to be called Augustus, was born in Rome on 23 September 63 BC.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:23:16
He was the grand-nephew of Julius Caesar, his mother being Atia, daughter of Julius Caesar's sister, Julia.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:23:38
Octavian's father, also called Gaius Octavius, died when Octavian was four years old.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:24:08
At the time of Caesar's assassination, Octavian was in Illyricum (modern Albania), preparing for Caesar's expedition to Parthia in 44 BC.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:24:41
本帖最后由 keamy 于 2012-11-19 19:24 编辑
He was only eighteen years old, but had already served under Julius Caesar in Spain in 46 BC and had established a loyal following among his troops.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:25:13
However, his political experience was not extensive.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:25:36
On learning of the assassination, Octavian set out for Rome and on the way heard that Caesar had adopted him as his son and heir.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:25:59
Octavian thus acquired the following:作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:26:39
The name Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus. Octavian made full use of the name Caesar and to call him Octavian after this was to question the adoption and belittle him.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:27:02
Three-quarters of Caesar's estate.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:27:28
Caesar's slaves, including secretarial staff and those who handled finances.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:28:00
本帖最后由 keamy 于 2012-11-19 19:28 编辑
Support and loyalty of Caesar's veteran soldiers, as well as support and loyalty of Caesar's freedmen, with whom he now had a patron-client relationship, and support and loyalty of Caesar's friends and those who owed a debt of gratitude to Caesar.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:29:11
Octavian had assumed that he could call on the support of Caesar's close friend, Mark Antony, and that they would be united in avenging the murder of his "father".作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:29:59
In this belief Octavian was disappointed ,as he found firstly that Antony was bitter because Octavian had been named heir rather than himself, and secondly that Antony and his colleague Lepidus were in favour of an amnesty for Caesar's assassins.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:30:27
Antony would not relinquish the property and money which was now rightfully Octavian's.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:31:38
Antony had spent some of the money and Octavian drew on his own resources (some acquired as revenues in the provinces, some from Julius Caesar's other resources) to pay the legacies Caesar had left, thus increasing his own popularity amongst Caesar's beneficiaries.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:32:08
Octavian also raised a private army by appealing to Caesar's veterans and offering incentives to them.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:32:59
The senator and lawyer, Marcus Cicero, convinced the Senate that Octavian was no threat to them and could be used as long as they needed his help in restoring the Republic.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:33:24
The senate felt that the Republic had been weakened in recent decades by the individual aims of ambitious politicians.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:34:06
Cicero now claimed the major threat to the Republic to be Mark Antony, and in a series of speeches known as the Philippics, Cicero attacked Antony as aiming at a dictatorship.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:34:38
Antony had seen to the passing of a law which gave him both provinces of Gaul to himself for five years, as well as allowing him to keep the legions he held in Macedonia.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:35:10
He had demanded Cisalpine Gaul from Decimus Brutus, an unconstitutional action, and the senate moved to give assistance to Decimus Brutus at Mutina in the north of Italy.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:35:52
In November 44 BC, Octavian, happy to be the so-called champion of liberty, was enrolled in the senate, given praetorian imperium and sent, by an Ultimate Decree of the Senate, with the two consuls to fight against Antony at Mutina.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:36:21
Such a decree was only passed in emergencies and gave the consuls the authority to act as they saw fit to ensure the safety of the state.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:37:05
Octavian was included along with the consuls in the decree despite his youth, his lack of experience, and the fact that he had raised a private army without any legal authority and had done so partly by bribery.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:37:28
Antony was defeated in the Campaign of Mutina and fled.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:37:50
The two consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, died and Octavian was left in sole command of the consular armies.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:38:12
The historian Suetonius mentions the rumour that Octavian was implicated in the deaths of both of these men.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:38:37
Octavian was then slighted by the senate, which did not give him the consulship he expected, instead intending to spread powers among the other magistrates.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:39:02
The senate felt it no longer needed Octavian and that he would pose no threat if unrewarded.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:39:27
In this they greatly underestimated his ambition and determination, and in August 43 BC Octavian led his army against Rome.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:40:01
The senate was again forced to yield to a leader with an army behind him and Octavian received his consulship.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:40:32
As Suetonius relates in Augustus 26, Octavian's envoy showed his sword hilt to the senate and said, "This will elect him if you don't first".作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:40:57
The Second Triumvirate 43 BC作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:41:18
A triumvirate is an alliance made among three men.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:41:49
The members of the First Triumvirate were: Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
The members of the Second Triumvirate were: Octavian, Mark Antony, Aemilius Lepidus作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:42:10
Reasons for formation of the Second Triumvirate:作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:42:31
After a period of political uncertainty in Rome, Octavian and Antony realised they needed a political alliance.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:42:59
Each member had been snubbed by the senate and needed the military and financial support of the others to dominate the senate, as well as the help of the others to fight the assassins of Caesar.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:43:34
Power shared among three men would reduce suspicion of a dictatorship. (The role of Lepidus was basically to deflect attention from so much power being shared between two).作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:44:52
Lepidus supported Antony who had made him Pontifex Maximus.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:45:26
The fact that it was a legal agreement made it more "palatable" to the populace.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:45:53
Essential features of the Second Triumvirate作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:46:19
The three men met on an island near Bononia in northern Italy in November 43 BC and the alliance was to last five years.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:46:42
The triumvirs had the right to make laws, nominate magistrates in advance and nominate governors of their choice.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:47:09
The presence of legions made it a military alliance.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:47:43
It differed from the First Triumvirate because the First Triumvirate was a private agreement, made for mutual benefit.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:48:15
The Second Triumvirate was a legal agreement, allowing the three men to dominate the senate and state.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:48:54
本帖最后由 keamy 于 2012-11-19 19:49 编辑
Although the title of dictator, invoked during the Republic in emergencies only, had been formally abolished with the death of Julius Caesar, this new agreement virtually created three dictators.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:50:27
The triumvirs' power and thus the end of the Republic were advertised by coins bearing their portraits.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:51:07
The triumvirs allocated the western provinces--Octavian had control in Africa, Sicily, Sardinia. Antony had control in Transalpine and Cisalpine Gaul. Lepidus had control in the rest of Gaul and in Spain.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:51:30
In 42 BC Lepidus was to become consul and Octavian and Antony would be free to deal with the Republican armies in the east.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:51:55
The proscriptions 43 BC作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:53:19
In late 43 BC, the triumvirs issued the names of Romans who were to be proscribed, ie the names of those alleged to be enemies of the state were listed.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:53:44
They were to be captured or put to death and their land confiscated.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:54:35
Purposes of the proscriptions:
*To rid the members of the triumvirate of their personal and political enemies
*To gain political stability for the triumvirate's own regime
*To acquire land for the triumvirate's veteran soldiers
*To use confiscated wealth to pay the triumvirate's troops作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:56:45
Results of the proscriptions:
*Some 300 senators and 2000 knights were proscribed
*The proscriptions along with other taxes saw the acquisition of much land for the veteran soldiers
*On Antony's orders, his hated enemy Cicero was executed, his severed head and hands hung up on the Rostra in Rome. Thus the distinguished lawyer, politician, orator and writer perished because of his outspoken attacks upon Antony, most notably in the Philippics
*Some of the proscribed escaped and joined Sextus Pompeius, another outspoken Republican, who was beginning a campaign to occupy Sicily and would later cause problems for the triumvirs especially by disrupting the corn supply to Rome.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:57:10
The Battle of Philippi 42 BC作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:57:40
As adopted son and heir of Julius Caesar, Octavian had to avenge and be seen to avenge the murder of his father.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:58:02
Brutus and Cassius were leaders of the Republicans whom Octavian needed to eliminate in order to establish himself politically.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:58:24
Brutus and Cassius also had a large number of followers, so were a threat to Octavian's personal power.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:58:47
The triumvirs were legally appointed, and this therefore made the Republicans enemies of the state.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 20:59:11
Brutus and Cassius were gaining control of most of the eastern provinces and therefore the proscriptions deployed in the west were of no use; force of arms was needed.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:12:49
Octavian could claim to have removed the extortion by Brutus and Cassius from the eastern provinces.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:28:08
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:28:32
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:28:54
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:29:17
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:29:39
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:30:01
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:30:24
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:30:46
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:31:09
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:31:31
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:31:53
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:32:16
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:32:38
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:33:01
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:33:23
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:33:45
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:34:08
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:34:30
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:34:53
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:35:15
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:35:38
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:36:00
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:36:23
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:36:45
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:37:08
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:37:30
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:37:53
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:38:15
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est.作者: keamy 时间: 2012-11-19 21:38:38